<p>The Nicholson File Company Mill Complex is a historic industrial manufacturing complex at 1-45 Acorn Street in Providence, Rhode Island. It consists of 24 buildings occupying 7 acre of land, of which 20 are historically significant. The oldest of the buildings were built in 1865 to designs by William Nicholson, and the complex was regularly expanded over the decades through the early 20th century. The Nicholson File Company was a major producer of machine-made s, started by William Nicholson in 1859. The company manufactured precision tools used in the manufacture of armaments during the American Civil War for the Union Army, and closed the plant in 1959. It has been used by a variety of light industrial concerns since then.</p><br>
<p>The complex was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2005.</p><br>
<p>The Oakland Avenue Historic District is a residential historic district in the Smith Hill neighborhood of Providence, Rhode Island, USA. The area is a densely built stretch of Oakland and Pembroke Avenues, extending from Eaton Street in the north to about half-way between Chad Brown Street and Smith Street in the south. Only buildings on the east side of Pembroke are included, while both sides of Oakland Avenue are, as are a few properties on adjacent roads. All but two of the 110 buildings in the district are residential, and are set on small lots of similar size. The houses are almost all multi-unit, housing either two or three units, and were built in between 1890 and 1930. The district represents a dense and well-preserved collection of this type of housing in the city, and was one of its last "inner city" areas to be developed.</p><br>
<p>The district was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1984.</p><br>
<p>Olney Street–Alumni Avenue Historic District is a residential historic district in northeastern Providence, Rhode Island. Located just north of the Moses Brown School campus, this is an enclave of 53 tasteful yet conservative houses built between about 1880 and 1938. It includes houses along Olney Street and Alumni Avenue between Hope and Arlington Streets, and includes a few houses on adjacent streets. Most of these houses are uniformly set back from the street, even though there was no zoning requiring that at the time, and are of brick and/or wood construction. They are stylistically heterogeneous, with Queen Anne and the Colonial Revival predominating.</p><br>
<p>The district was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1989.</p><br>
<p>The Ontario Apartments are an historic apartment complex located at 25-31 and 37-41 Ontario Street in Providence, Rhode Island. The apartments were designed by Page & Page, and built in 1925 and 1927 by Harry Soren in a Mission/Spanish Revival style. The apartments consist of two three-story, flat-roofed, wood-framed buildings. The building at 25-31 Ontario Street was built in 1925, and forms a U-shape. 37-41 Ontario Street is to the west, is identical in detail but configured differently.</p><br>
<p>These buildings are "well-preserved examples of early twentieth-century apartment buildings and are typical of... apartment buildings in middle-class neighborhoods during the 1910s and 1920s." They were designed to appeal to wealthier tenants who did not want to care for single-family dwellings. They were added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1998.</p><br>
<p>Our Lady of Lourdes Church Complex is an historic Roman Catholic church complex at 901-903 Atwells Avenue in Providence, Rhode Island within the Diocese of Providence.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>Our Lady of Lourdes consists of four buildings: a church, rectory, school, and convent. The church is a steel-frame structure clad in brick, designed by Ambrose Murphy and built in 1925. The rectory is a two-story brick structure with hip roof; it was built in 1912. The original rectory, built in 1905 to a design by Walter Fontaine, was converted for use as a convent when the new rectory was built. The school building, also built in 1905 to a Fontaine design, is the largest structure in the complex, and originally served as both school and church until the student population grew too large for the educational facilities.</p><br>
<p>The complex was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1990.</p><br>
<p>The Parkis–Comstock Historic District is a residential historic district in the Elmwood neighborhood of Providence, Rhode Island. It includes all of the properties on Parkis Avenue and a number of properties on the western end of Comstock Street and Harvard Avenue, just across Broad Street from Parkis. The houses are set on relatively uniform large lots, generally set close to the street, and represent a fine collection of Late Victorian upper-class housing. Most of the houses were built between the 1860s and the 1910s. The first house to be built on Parkis Avenue was the c. 1869 Louis Comstock House at number 47; it has fine Second Empire styling, with corner quoining and a bracketed mansard roof.</p><br>
<p>The district was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1980, and expanded slightly in 1988.</p><br>
<p>The Oriental Mills are a historic textile mill complex at 10 Admiral Street in Providence, Rhode Island. The site consists of seven buildings, constructed between about 1860 and 1917, by a variety of textile manufacturers that operated on the site. The oldest building, from c. 1860, was built by the Oriental Mills Manufacturing Company soon after its founding. It is a large three-story brick structure, presenting eight bays to Admiral Street and thirty to Whipple Street. It has a well-defined Italianate roof line with brackets. Building 3, which lies southeast of Building 1 and fronts on Oriental Street, is from the same time period and exhibits similar styling. Originally used for the manufacture of cotton textiles, the complex was purchased in 1918 by the American Silk Spinning Company, which pioneered the blending of nylon fibers into its products here.</p><br>
<p>The complex was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2005.</p><br>
<p>The Nathaniel Pearce House is an historic house at 305 Brook Street in Providence, Rhode Island. This Early Republican house is an "archetype of domestic design of its period". It was built in 1801 at 41 George Street on Browns Main Green facing University Hall, where it enjoyed a view of Narragansett Bay. Nathaniel Pearce, a ship-master and ship-owner, purchased it circa 1780, doubled its size with a central hallway and new ornamental entrance and re-oriented to George Street in 1800. By 1888 it was owned by the Goddard family, who sold the George Street land to Brown University. Conditions of the sale required the house be either demolished or moved. John J. DeWolf bought the house and moved it to Brook Street in that year. In 1915, his nephew Halsey DeWolf, MD inherited the house and commissioned an expansion and colonial revival enhancements by his wifes cousin, architect Wallis E. Howe of Clarke & Howe. Landscape architects Searle & Searle refurbished the rear garden in the mid 1990s.</p><br>
<p>It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1972.</p><br>
<p>The Power Street–Cooke Street Historic District is a residential historic district on the East Side of Providence, Rhode Island. Located east of Brown University, the area is compact area developed in the mid-to-late 19th century as a residential district, with a cross-section of architectural styles from the early 19th to the early 20th century. The district is bounded on the north by Angell Street, on the east by Governor Street, on the south by Power Street, and on the west by Hope Street. Cooke Street is the main thorough fare running through the center of the district, which is six blocks long and two wide. The district abuts the Stimson Avenue Historic District, which lies immediately to its west.</p><br>
<p>The district was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1974.</p><br>
<p>Providence Dyeing, Bleaching, Calendring Company  is an historic industrial complex located at 46,50,52,60 Valley Street and 80 Delaine Street in Providence, Rhode Island. It consists of 18 small-to-medium-sized brick and stone structures in a parcel 4 acre in size, between Valley Street and the Woonasquatucket River. Although most of these buildings were constructed between 1900 and 1920, the oldest building in the complex is a single-story rubble stone structure which may contain elements of an 18th-century mill structure, and is known to have achieved its present form around 1837. The original water privilege for this mill site was granted to Christopher Olney in 1773 for a paper mill.</p><br>
<p>The complex was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2004.</p><br>
<p>The Providence Fruit and Produce Warehouse Company Building was a historic building located at 6-64 Harris Avenue in Providence, Rhode Island. The building, a large two-story warehouse facility, was built in 1929 by Jenks & Ballou, architects and engineers, with modest Moderne styling. The building served from 1929 to 1998 as the major distribution center for fresh fruits and vegetables in the state of Rhode Island, and was one of the centerpieces of the provisioning warehouse district of Providence north of the city center. Several of its bays were demolished in the 1980s to make way for a highway ramp, and the building was taken over by the state in 1998 and closed. The building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2005.</p><br>
<p>The building was demolished in 2008 by Carpionato Properties to great controversy from local government and citizens.</p><br>
<p>The Providence Lying-In Hospital  is a historic hospital building located at 50 Maude Street in Providence, Rhode Island. The main building is a 4-1/2 story Gothic Revival structure which was designed in 1922 by Edward Stevens of Stevens and Lee and completed in 1926. It was the citys fourth hospital. To the west of this building is the Nurses Home, designed by Wallis A. Howe and completed in 1933, following the general architectural style of the first building. The hospital was the first in the state to specialize in obstetrical services and the first to offer specialized nurse training.</p><br>
<p>The building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1986 and now houses a rehabilitation center and a hospice center.</p><br>
<p>The Providence Telephone Company is an historic commercial building at 110-116 Union Street in downtown Providence, Rhode Island. Now a five-story brick, stone, and terracotta structure, it was built with three stories in 1893 to a design by Stone, Carpenter & Willson. The street level facade is limestone, with a three-part entrance bay and two smaller flanking bays. The entrance bay is partititoned by Ionic columns, and the smaller outer bays are flanked by Corinthian columns. A complex entablature of grotesquework separates the second and third floors. The fourth and fifth floors, added in 1906, are more simply treated, with a simple parapet at the top. The Providence Telephone Company, incorporated in 1880, occupied this building from its construction until 1917, by which time its rapid growth had outgrown the building&#39;s capacity.</p><br>
<p>The building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1983.</p><br>
<p>The Providence Steel and Iron Company Complex is an historic industrial complex at 27 Sims Avenue in Providence, Rhode Island. It consists of five one and two-story buildings, built between 1902 and 1951 for the Providence Steel and Iron Company , whose corporate lineage begins with the Providence-based Builders Iron Foundry  in 1822. BIF purchased the land on Sims Avenue in 1902 to replace old facilities on Codding Street. PS&I was established as a subsidiary of BIF, producing both structural and ornamental steel products, and was separated from its parent by sale in 1905. PS&I continued to operate on the Sims Street property until 2000, when it went out of business.</p><br>
<p>The property was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2005.</p><br>
<p>The Reservoir Avenue Sewage Pumping Station is an historic wastewater pumping facility on the south side of the junction of Reservoir and Pontiac Avenues in southern Providence, Rhode Island. From the street it looks like a single-story brick structure with a hip roof, and metal doorways on its north and east elevations. This building stands atop a substantial concrete substructure, which houses a dry well and wet well. The dry well, on the eastern side, houses the pumps, while the wet well, occupies the western two-thirds of the facility. The floor of the interior includes glass blocks for viewing the facilities below, as well as metal trapdoors for accessing the pumps. Manual gate valves on the west side are used to control sewage flow through the west well. This facility is used to pump raw sewage eastward and uphill to a gravity conduit in Rutherglen Avenue. This conduit carries the sewage to the Fields Point treatment facility. The pumping station was built by the city of Providence in 1931, and is now owned by the Narragansett Bay Commission, which operates the regions wastewater treatment facilities.</p><br>
<p>The facility was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1989.</p><br>
<p>The Return Sludge Pumping Station, Fields Point Sewage Treatment Plant is an historic wastewater pumping station in the Fields Point Sewage Treatment Facility on Ernest Street in Providence, Rhode Island. It is a rectangular hip-roofed brick and concrete structure, located adjacent to the facilitys aeration tanks, and is not readily visible from any public way. The building houses a number of large pumps in a large concrete substructure that is below grade. The facility was built in 1934-35, when the sewage treatment method was changed from a chemical process to a biological one, and is used to return biologically active sludge from the aeration tanks back into the treatment process. The pumps in the building are no longer original, having been replaced several times. The building is one of three to survive in the Fields Point area from the early decades of Providences wastewater treatment system. the others are the Ernest Street Sewage Pumping Station and the Chemical Building; the Sludge Press House was demolished sometime in the last 30 years.</p><br>
<p>The pumping station was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1989.</p><br>
<p>The Rhode Island Hospital Trust Building is an historic commercial building at 15 Westminster Street in downtown Providence, Rhode Island. It is an eleven-story steel-frame building, faced mostly in limestone, with marble at the lowest level. It was designed by the New York City firm of York & Sawyer and built in 1917–1919. The Rhode Island Hospital Trust is a banking institution founded in 1867 to manage the financial affairs of Rhode Island Hospital, founded in 1863. Over time it grew to become a significant local commercial bank, and was acquired by Bank of Boston in 1985. The building is now owned by the Rhode Island School of Design, housing its Fleet Library among other facilities.</p><br>
<p>The building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1976.</p><br>
<p>The Rhode Island Tool Company is a historic industrial property at 146-148 West River Street in Providence, Rhode Island. It is a 5 acre parcel located between West River Street and the channelized West River, on which stand two historic buildings. The main building of the complex is a sprawling agglomeration of attached structures, whose construction began in 1853, and whose surviving elements include six parts that predate the American Civil War. Construction of the complex was begun by the Providence Forge & Nut Company, which purchased the Providence Tool Company, and was the largest employer in Providence in the 1870s. The complex represents the best-preserved period metal-processing facility in Providence, and was the only drop-forging operation the state when it closed in 2003.</p><br>
<p>The property was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2004.</p><br>
<p>St. Martin&#39;s Church is an historic Episcopal church at 50 Orchard Avenue in Providence, Rhode Island.</p><br>
<p>The congregation was established in 1885 and the Gothic Revival church building was constructed in 1917 to a design by Clarke & Howe to replace an earlier wooden building. It is a granite structure with a squat square three-stage tower at its southeast corner. The parish house, attached to the main building&#39;s northeast corner, is a Tudor Revival structure added in 1925.</p><br>
<p>The church was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1996.</p><br>
<h2>Stained glass window</h2><br>
<p>The church features a stained glass window scene of namesake St. Martin cutting off half of his cloak to give to a beggar. The windows of the church were designed by Boston window designer Harry E. Goodhue and his wife, Mary, and installed in 1919. A restoration of the windows was undertaken by an Attleboro studio, during the winter of 2014–2015. The entire window was removed from the wall, then individual pieces were removed, cleaned, reassembled, and re-leaded onto new metal frames.</p><br>
<p>Shakespeare Hall  is an historic commercial building at 128 Dorrance Street in downtown Providence, Rhode Island. It is a six-story masonry structure, originally built as a three-story Greek Revival structure in 1838 to a design by Tallman & Bucklin. Its main facade has retained the massive granite pilasters and five-bay configuration from this period. Originally built to house a theater, the building suffered a massive fire in 1844, leaving only its exterior shell standing. It was afterward rebuilt to its present height, and a separate brick building at its rear was incorporated into its structure in the late 19th century. It was used as a warehouse in the 1860s, and has also housed light industrial operations. Today, the building is used largely for law office space.</p><br>
<p>The hall was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1979.</p><br>
<p>The Shepard Company Building is an historic building at 259 Westminster Mall, 72-92 Washington Street in Providence, Rhode Island. A prominent landmark in the Providence downtown, it occupies an entire city block, and housed Shepards, one of New Englands largest department stores, for many decades. The building grew in stages, starting as a modest three-story Italianate structure at the corner of Clemence and Washington in 1880. Beginning in 1896 the company embarked on a rapid expansion, designed by Martin & Hall, which was largely completed by 1903. The building was struck by fire in 1920, but rebuilt under Hall&#39;s supervision. The building is currently owned by the State of Rhode Island and houses the Feinstein Campus of the University of Rhode Island, the Providence Campus of the Community College of Rhode Island, the Rhode Island Department of Education, and other state offices.</p><br>
<p>The building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1976.</p><br>
<p>The Sludge Press House, Fields Point Sewage Treatment Plant was an historic wastewater treatment facility building at Ernest Street at Fields Point, Rhode Island in Providence, Rhode Island. It was a two-story brick structure, located near the center of the Fields Point facility, just east of the Chemical Building. It was about 138 x in size, with a hip roof, and was built 1899-1901 as part of Providences first wastewater treatment system. It house the facilities used at the end of the treatment process by which remaining solids were dewatered and compressed before final disposal.</p><br>
<p>The building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1989, at which time it was described as being in deteriorated condition. It has since been demolished.</p><br>
<p>The Smith Hill Library-Providence Community Library is one of the branch libraries of the Providence, Rhode Island, public library system. It is located at 31 Candace Street, in a single-story brick building designed by Albert Harkness and C.K. Rathbone, and built in 1932. Stylistically the building is a mixture of Colonial Revival and Moderne features. The Smith Hill branch began as a delivery station in 1907, and had grown to occupy leased space, with an annual circulation of more than 70,000, by 1929. Circulation rose rapidly after the building&#39;s completion, reaching 119,000 in just three years. The building continues to act as a significant local community resource.</p><br>
<p>The library was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1998.</p><br>
<p>The Smith Street Primary School is an historic school at 396 Smith Street in Providence, Rhode Island. It is a large 2-1/2 story brick structure with a cross-gable roof. It was designed in Queen Anne style by William R. Walker & Son and built in 1885. The building occupies its site at an unusual angle, partially overhanging the sidewalk, and has an asymmetrical interior, a departure from the other schools the Walkers designed for the city.</p><br>
<p>It was used as a school facility until 1958, and then housed administrative offices for twenty years. By the early 1980s it was in use as the Smith Hill Center—a non-profit neighborhood community service agency.</p><br>
<p>It is one of three (out of fifteen) surviving schools built by the city in the 1880s.</p><br>
<p>The building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1984.</p><br>
<p>The Sons of Jacob Synagogue is an historic synagogue at 24 Douglas Avenue in Providence, Rhode Island. It is a two-story brick structure, set on a raised basement. The main facade is three bays wide, with a pair of entry doors sheltered by a simple gable-roof portico. The building was constructed in two stages, 1906 and 1926, and is the major surviving remnant of what was once a large Jewish community in the Smith Hill neighborhood of Providence. The congregation which built it was formed in 1896 by Orthodox Jews who immigrated from Russia. The first stage of the building, its lower level, housed the congregation until it could raise funds to build the upper level, and was then used as a shul. The upper level was designed by Harry Marshak, a self-taught architect and builder born to immigrant Russian Jews, who was probably the first Jewish architect to work in the Providence area.</p><br>
<p>The building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1989.</p><br>
<p>The David Sprague House is an historic house at 7 Harvard Avenue, at the corner of Taylor Street in Providence, Rhode Island. The house was built in 1839 and added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1978.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The house was originally located at 263 Public Street, which was then a "rural hinterland" with few residences. When the horsecar line was introduced to the South Providence neighborhood in 1865, the house became surrounded by larger Victorian style houses. By the mid-1930s, the neighborhood was "noted for its antiquity and quaint architecture." However, forty years later the neighborhood fell into disrepair, leaving the Sprague House as the neighborhood&#39;s most well-preserved landmark. This led the Providence Preservation Society to nominate the building for inclusion on the National Register of Historic Places in 1978.</p><br>
<p>By the 1990s, the Sprague House, now falling into disrepair, was named on the Providence Preservation Society&#39;s "Most Endangered List" in 1998, 1999, and 2000.</p><br>
<p>Around 2000, the decaying building was restored, and moved to a new location at 7 Harvard Avenue, which was deemed "more suitable."</p><br>
<p>St. Joseph&#39;s Roman Catholic Church is a historic church at 86 Hope Street in Providence, Rhode Island within the Diocese of Providence.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>St. Joseph&#39;s was designed by the noted Irish-born architect, Patrick C. Keely and built in 1851-53. It is a large rectangular structure with a steeply pitched gable roof, and a square tower protruding from the front facade. It is faced in ashlar stone with brownstone trim. The sides are supported in part by buttresses. The building is the oldest Roman Catholic Church building in the state.</p><br>
<p>The church was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1974.</p><br>
<p>Broadway actor and dancer George M. Cohan was baptized at the church in 1878.</p><br>
<p>St. Michael&#39;s Roman Catholic Church, Convent, Rectory, and School is an historic Roman Catholic church complex at 251 Oxford Street in Providence, Rhode Island within the Diocese of Providence.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The main church building is a large structure of red brick with red sandstone trim, designed by Martin & Hall and built over a 25-year period ending in 1915. The rectory, located east of the church, was designed by Ambrose Murphy and built in 1924-25, and is also faced in red brick. The convent stands west of the church; it is a 3-1/2 story red brick structure also designed by Murphy and built in 1929. Behind the convent stands the school building, which faces Gordon Avenue. It is a two-story red brick building.</p><br>
<p>The complex was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1977.</p><br>
<p>The State Arsenal  is a historic armory building at 176 Benefit Street in Providence, Rhode Island.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The arsenal was designed in 1839 by Russell Warren and built by Tallman & Bucklin, all of Providence. It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1970.</p><br>
<p>In the 19th century the arsenal was used as the armory of the Providence Marine Corps of Artillery (PMCA) and associated artillery units in the Rhode Island Militia and was used as the mobilization site for 10 batteries of light artillery which were raised in Rhode Island during the American Civil War. In addition to the PMCA the arsenal was used by a number of organizations including the Grand Army of the Republic, Sons of Union Veterans of the Civil War and United Spanish War Veterans.</p><br>
<p>In April 1920, the Rhode Island General Assembly earmarked $3,800 for the purpose of repairing the arsenal.</p><br>
<p>On May 17, 1924, the Ku Klux Klan held an illegal meeting at the arsenal which attracted about 200 men. Governor William S. Flynn denounced the KKK and forbade the group from meeting on state property.</p><br>
<p>In the 1980s the arsenal was in use by the Rhode Island National Guard&#39;s Education, Historical and Equal Opportunity offices.</p><br>
<p>As of 2008 the arsenal was in use as the location for the annual presentation of the Order of St. Barbara to soldiers of the 103d Field Artillery Regiment of the Rhode Island National Guard. It also serves as the headquarters of the PMCA (the de facto 103d Field Artillery veterans association) and houses a diverse collection of military artifacts.</p><br>
<p>The Stimson Avenue Historic District is a residential historic district on the east side of Providence, Rhode Island. It includes all of Stimson Avenue and Diman Place, as well as adjacent properties on Angell Street on the south and Hope Street on the west, forming a relatively compact rectangular area. This area was developed roughly between 1880 and 1900, and features a collection of high-quality Queen Anne and Colonial Revival houses, with a few earlier Italianate houses at its edges. Among the finest is 19 Stimson Avenue, built in 1890 to a design by Stone, Carpenter & Willson; it is stylistically transitional between Queen Anne and Colonial Revival, featuring elaborate woodwork and a large number of exterior surface finishes, in a predominantly symmetrical Colonial Revival form. The only non-residential structure is the 1893 brick Central Congregational Church at 296 Angell Street.</p><br>
<p>The district was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1973.</p><br>
<p>The Summit Historic District is a residential historic district in northeastern Providence, Rhode Island. It is bounded on the east by Summit Avenue, the south by Rochambeau Avenue, the west by Camp Street, and the north by Memorial Road and Creston Way. It contains 155 houses, most of which were built between 1918 and 1938. The area was annexed by Providence in 1874 and platted out of farmland in 1916, and represents a typical suburban development of the period. Most of these houses are set on lots between 4,500 and 5,500 square feet in size, although there are some double lots. Single family homes predominate, with a number of two- and three-family houses present. Architecturally the houses are heterogeneous, with styles ranging from the late Queen Anne to the Colonial and Tudor Revivals. The only significant non-residential structure in the district is Temple Beth Shalom at 120 Rochambeau Avenue, which does not contribute to its significance.</p><br>
<p>The district was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2003.</p><br>
<p>Temple Beth-El, known locally as the Broad Street Synagogue, is an historic Jewish synagogue at 688 Broad Street in Providence, Rhode Island.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The congregation was founded in 1849 when an Orthodox group known as the "Sons of Israel" gathered for daily services in Providence. In 1877, the congregation affiliated itself with the Union of American Hebrew Congregations (later named the Union for Reform Judaism), the national Reform Judaism denomination. While Newport, Rhode Island had a well-established Sephardi Jewish community since the 17th century, few Sephardi Jews lived in Providence. The Jews of Providence who founded Temple Beth-El were predominantly Ashkenazi Jews from German-speaking areas. The majority of the early congregants at Temple Beth-El were immigrants from Germany, the Netherlands, Hungary, and Poland.</p><br>
<p>The building was built in 1910-1911 and was the home of Sons of Israel until 1954. After 1954, the building served the Shaare Zedek congregation. In 2006, Shaare Zedek merged with Beth Shalom, and the Broad Street building was left vacant.</p><br>
<p>Due in part to the housing crash of 2008, Beth Shalom was unable to sell the building, and it became neglected and vandalized. In 2014, a developer purchased the building and the nonprofit Friends of Broad Street Synagogue was organized to turn the building into a community center.</p><br>
<h2>The building</h2><br>
<p>The current temple building, a Classical Revival brick structure, was designed by Banning & Thornton and built in 1910-11.</p><br>
<p>Architect Ira Rakatansky designed renovations to the building in 1955. An iron fence was added to separate the synagogue from Broad Street in 1984. The building was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1988.</p><br>
<p>Vacant since 2006, the building suffers severe vandalism and water damage. It has been named one of Providence&#39;s "Most Endangered Buildings" by the Providence Preservation Society three times.</p><br>
<p>The Trinity Square Historic District is a historic district in the Elmwood neighborhood of Providence, Rhode Island. It includes four properties on the south and west side of Trinity Square, the triangular junction of Elmwood Avenue and Broad Street. The visual focal points of the district are the Grace Church Cemetery, which is located south of the square, and the Trinity United Methodist Church, an imposing Gothic Revival structure built in the mid-1860s to a design by Clifton A. Hall. North of the church stands the Clifton Hall Duplex, designed and occupied by Hall, and the James Potter House, an elaborate Queen Anne mansion built c. 1889 and designed by Stone, Carpenter & Willson.</p><br>
<p>The district was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1980. The Grace Church Cemetery was listed as one of Rhode Island&#39;s "most endangered properties" by the Providence Preservation Society in 2015, for the second consecutive year.</p><br>
<p>The Union Trust Company Building is an historic site at 170 Westminster Street and 62 Dorrance Street in downtown Providence, Rhode Island. It is a twelve-story steel-framed structure, faced in brick and stone. Originally four bays deep, it was expanded to seven bays in 1920. It was designed by Stone, Carpenter & Willson and built in 1901–02 to house the offices of the Union Trust Company, which occupied the first two floors and leased the remaining space. The exterior of the first two floors is treated differently than the upper floors, with a tall first floor whose windows are separated by stone pilasters, and heavily quoined corners. The second floor windows are set within round-arch openings with elaborate keystones. The upper levels are finished predominantly in brick, with marble trim; the third story receives a somewhat more elaborate treatment. The interior banking hall  was noted for its particularly sumptuous decoration.</p><br>
<p>The building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1973.</p><br>
<p>In 2016, a New York developer signed a contract for $2.5 million in state historic preservation tax credits. The developer plans to "convert the building to a mix of business and restaurant on the first two floors and rooftop, and apartment use on all other floors."</p><br>
<p>The Wanskuck Historic District is a historic district in the city of Providence, Rhode Island encompassing a mill village with more than two hundred years of history. As early as the mid-18th century, mills stood on the West River in northern Providence, a development which continued with the rise of industrialization in the 19th century. The mill village of Wanskuck is organized around three thoroughfares: Branch Street, Veazie Street, and Woodward Road, and is roughly bounded on the east by Louisquisset Pike  and to the northwest by the city line with North Providence. The West River runs through the district, with its banks lined by two late-19th-century mill complexes. The village area includes a variety of examples of mill worker housing, from duplexes to rowhouses, as well as two church complexes and a community hall built in 1884 by the Wanskuck Company.</p><br>
<p>The district was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1983.</p><br>
<p>The Washington Park Sewage Pumping Station is an historic wastewater pumping facility on Shipyard Street in Providence, Rhode Island. Its principal visible component is a concrete block structure, finished in stucco and topped by a hip roof, which is about 16 x. This building stands atop a large cast-in-place concrete well, in which pumps and gate valves are housed. The facility was built in 1911 to pump raw sewage from the low-lying Washington Park area to the Field&#39;s Point wastewater treatment facility, which lies about 1,000 ft to the north. The pump station is located well back from the street, behind a low brick distribution facility. It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1989.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Washington Park Sewage Pumping Station was designed under the supervision of Otis F. Clapp, the then-current Office of City Engineer for Providence. The construction was also overseen by Frederick O. Clapp, Assistant Engineer.</p><br>
<p>The pump serves an area of roughly 83 acre with the intention to serve up to six thousand residents and storm drainage needs. The sewer system for the Washington Park district was ordered on July 31, 1912, and completed by October 16, 1913. By the end of 1913, the sewer system leading to the pump system comprised about 3.25 mi of regular sewers and 0.75 mi of storm drain sewers with another 0.25 mi of sewer between the pump and the Field&#39;s Point plant.</p><br>
<p>In 1915, it was estimated that 17,000,000 gal of sewage was pumped by the pumping station. About 225 houses were connected to the sewer system that lead to the pumping station, but it was reported that due to the sewer system that it furthered the demand for "higher quality homes" in the area.</p><br>
<h2>Significance</h2><br>
<p>The Washington Park Sewage Pumping Station is historically significant as part of Providence&#39;s community planning and development in regards to the processing and treatment of sewage for the growing city. Re-annexed by Providence in 1868, the Washington Park area remained largely undeveloped until public transportation made the area accessible. Continuous residential growth from the late 1890s into the 1930s required the extension of the sewage system. It is a representative example of city planning for sewage treatment with a longstanding functionality with its structural integrity. The facility was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1989.</p><br>
<p>The Wesleyan Avenue Historic District is a residential historic district in the Elmwood section of Providence, Rhode Island. It includes 25 houses, on a one-block section of Wesleyan Avenue between Taylor and Broad Streets, with a few of them on the two end streets. They are large two-plus story wood frame houses, set on modest lot, all of which were built between 1875 and 1900. The houses are in a diversity of styles popular at that time, including Second Empire, Stick style, and Queen Anne. The district includes what is one of Providence&#39;s finest Stick style houses, the Samuel Darling House at 53 Wesleyan Avenue. It was built in 1885, and displays a wealth of applied wood work, decorative shingling, and intricately carved porch details.</p><br>
<p>The district was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1982.</p><br>
<p>The Winsor–Swan–Whitman Farm is an historic house at 416 Eaton Street in Providence, Rhode Island. The farmhouse was built in 1750 and added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1974.</p><br>
<h2>Location</h2><br>
<p>When it was constructed in 1748, the property was located on the northwest limit of the Providence city line, in a region commonly referred to as Elmhurst. At the time, the area was sparsely populated and "primarily agricultural and had little in common with commercial Providence." As a result, in 1765, the northwestern Mt. Pleasant and Elmhurst areas of the city became part of North Providence. It is now located just west of the Providence College campus.</p><br>
<h2>Architectural styles and context</h2><br>
<p>The original portion of the house, constructed in 1748, is built in the Cape Cod style, which was prominent at the time. Cape Cod style homes were made popular by English colonists who came to America in the 17th century. The style resembled half-timbered houses of England, but the colonists adapted the style to account for inclement New England weather. The building is typical of traditional colonial era Cape Cod Houses in that it is one and a half stories tall, features a steeped roof with side gables, a large central chimney, and a symmetrical facade with a door in the center.</p><br>
<p>The house&#39;s 1815 addition reflects the Georgian Colonial architectural style. It is square and symmetrical in shape, and features a medium pitched roof with a minimal overhang, and a decorative crown over the central door. This section of the house is often mistakenly cited to be of the Federal Style. However, Georgian homes are more square and angular, and Federal style buildings are more likely to have curved, decorative flourishes. Typically, American Federal houses have low-pitched or flat roofs, and feature a semicircular fanlight window, or roof over front door. These features are not present on the addition.</p><br>
<p>Originally developed in England, the Georgian Style was very popular in New England, and the Eastern Seaboard of the United States, between 1700 and 1785. As architectural historian Leland Roth explains, colonists&#39; "increasing wealth resulted in more frequent travel to England, and an increased awareness among wealthy colonials of what their English counterparts were doing." As a result, wealthy builders hired skilled craftsmen to come over from England, and numerous architectural treatises and pattern books became popular during the time. All these factors increased the popularity of the Georgian style.</p><br>
<p>The property includes, in addition to the main house, a carriage house, corn crib, well house, schoolhouse and workshop.</p><br>
<p>The South Street Station  is an historic electrical power generation station at 360 Eddy Street in Providence, Rhode Island. It is a massive brick and stone structure, built in stages between 1912 and 1952. Despite three major phases of construction, the 58,000 square foot building has fairly consistent Classical Revival styling. The building, an excellent example of early 20th-century power plant design, burned coal to provide electrical power to the city. It was gradually taken over by the more modern Manchester Street Station, and was decommissioned in 1995.</p><br>
<p>Following the station&#39;s decommissioning, the Rhode Island Historical Society planned to convert the building into a museum. The project was cancelled in 2009 due to lack of funding.</p><br>
<p>In 2013 Brown University, along with the University of Rhode Island and Rhode Island College, announced that the vacant South Street Station would be a redeveloped with student housing, retail, a URI/RIC nursing school, administrative offices, a new parking structure, and additions to the adjacent riverwalk. The project is slated to also include student housing built on a parking lot along Point Street.</p><br>
<p>The Austin Farm Road Agricultural Area is a rural historic district in Exeter, Rhode Island. The district is bounded on the east by Interstate 95, on the north by the town line, on the south by Austin Farm Road, and on the west by a north-south line through Austin Farm Pond. This agricultural area is relatively little altered since the late 19th century, despite the proximity of the interstate. It includes the farm complex built up by John Austin in the 19th century, which continues to see active use, and the site of an older farm complex, reduced to just the farmhouse, which predates Austin&#39;s acquisition of the property. In addition to the farm buildings, it includes a chapel and school house built or maintained by Austin .</p><br>
<p>The area was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1977.</p><br>
<p>The Babcock House is a historic house also known as Whistling Chimneys, located on Main Street in the Quonochontaug section of Charlestown, Rhode Island.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The oldest portion of this 1-1/2 story wood frame house is estimated to have been built sometime in the first two decades of the 18th century. It is similar to the Sheffield House, whose construction dates to 1685-1713. This house is believed to have been built by a member of the Stanton family, who also built the Sheffield House. The house has an asymmetrical facade, the result of numerous alterattions, but the original main block of the house has a massive central chimney, with two rooms on the right and one large chamber on the left. Additions in the 20th century have added rooms to the rear of the house, retaining the fabric of the main portion, and raising the roof to a full two stories.</p><br>
<p>The house was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1976.</p><br>
<p>Old Narragansett Church, also known as Old St. Pauls Church and St. Pauls Episcopal Church, is a historic Episcopal church located at 60 Church Lane in Wickford, Rhode Island and is believed to be the oldest Episcopal church building in the Northeastern United States.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The church congregation was founded in 1706 as St. Paul&#39;s Church and was established by the Society for the Propagation of the Gospel in Foreign Parts (SPG). The original congregation consisted of 17 landholder families. The Rev. Samuel Fayerweather closed the church in 1774 due to the American Revolutionary War, and in 1780 the SPG withdrew its support for Fayerweather because of his support for the American cause.</p><br>
<p>The church re-formed by the Rev. William Smith in 1787 after a thirteen-year hiatus. In 1799 the congregants voted to move the church to its present location in Wickford.</p><br>
<p>On April 11, 1756, the infant "son of Gilbert Stewart ye Snuff Grinder" was baptized in the church. The child later changed his name to Gilbert Stuart and grew up to be known as one of America&#39;s foremost portraitists.</p><br>
<h2>Building</h2><br>
<p>The church building was constructed in 1707, about five miles southwest of Wickford, on what is now Pendar Road. At the time, this road was expected to become the main route between Boston and New York, but this never came to pass. After some time the neighborhood became scarcely populated, and in 1800 the church was disassembled and moved to its current location.</p><br>
<p>The church contains box pews, a balcony, and an organ built in 1680 by Bernard Smith, which is among the oldest organs still used in services in the United States. The church had a steeple attached to its western end from 1811 to 1846, but the steeple was not strong enough to hold the swinging bell, and it collapsed.</p><br>
<p>The Episcopal Diocese of Rhode Island currently owns the building, and it is administered by a trust which has representatives of the modern Saint Pauls Church in Wickford. A more modern church building, known as St. Pauls Church, was built nearby in 1847. Currently the congregation of St. Paul&#39;s meets in the Old Narragansett Church during the summer months.</p><br>
<p>The church was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1973 and has a small churchyard cemetery.</p><br>
<p>Theatre-By-the-Sea  is a historic theater and playhouse at Card Ponds Road in South Kingstown, Rhode Island. It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1980.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Theatre By The Sea (TBTS) has had many incarnations over the years. Between 1928 and 1933, Mrs. Alice Jaynes Tyler ran a camp for girls on the property of her summer home. With the Great Depression quickly limiting the market for summer camps, she decided to instead create jobs by turning the old shingled barn into a theatre. She teamed up with Russian defector and actor Leo Bulgakoff, the cockney producer, Leslie Spiller and famed lighting designer Abe Feder – and on August 7, 1933, Mrs. Jaynes’ 300-seat barn theatre came to life. The theater was founded in 1933.</p><br>
<p>The next thirty five years brought numerous changes. On September 21, 1938, the New England Hurricane of 1938 caused extensive damage which led to the first major alterations. After carefully cutting the theatre in half with a hand saw, the box office was literally pulled forward by a dump truck, and a new section of theatre and a balcony were added. By 1941, with the war raging, the theatre went mainly dark. During this time, it did however became a target spot for military planes to practice their diving maneuvers during the war and sporadically played as a movie house. By 1947, during the Golden Era of Summer Stock, TBTS was again in full swing and entered into a long and fruitful stretch that lasted for almost 10 years. Famous "golden era" stars that played TBTS include Marlon Brando, Carol Channing, Groucho Marx, Tallulah Bankhead, Mae West, Judy Holiday, Shelley Winters, and many others. The passing of Mrs. Tyler in 1951, Hurricane Carol in 1954 and a “dark” summer in 1959, threatened the theatre’s life when it went dark once again in 1963.</p><br>
<p>In 1967, upon hearing that the theatre was to be destroyed, Tommy Brent, former Press Agent and Producer saved the theater from demolition by mere hours. Mr. Brent began a brand new tradition and future for the fabled theatre by completely producing shows on site – sets, costumes, everything. He was able to run the theatre to enormous success for 22 years. However, the property itself was in serious need of repair and renovation. The multi-faceted entertainment company, FourQuest took over the theatre in 1988 and became the third owners of the property. Following extensive, multimillion-dollar renovations that fall and winter, FourQuest re-opened the theater in the spring of 1989 and continued producing the highest quality summer theater in Matunuck until the fall of 2003. The theatre went dark once again until a Massachusetts businessman and movie theatre owner, Mr. William Hanney, purchased the property, hoping to continue the tradition of theatre at this historic Rhode Island landmark. From 2007-2012 shows at Theatre by the Sea were produced by the not-for-profit organization Ocean State Theatre Company. In 2013 Mr. Hanney and Production company Matunuck Live Theatre assumed production responsibilities in hopes to uphold the tradition of "Broadway in a Barn!" and continue to satisfy its many long time patrons.</p><br>
<p>Armours Warehouse, also known as the Seneca Grain Elevator or the Hogans North Elevator, is a historic grain elevator located in the village of Seneca, Illinois, United States. The elevator and two surrounding outbuildings were listed on the USA National Register of Historic Places in 1997.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The grain elevator, known as Armour&#39;s Warehouse, was constructed in 1861&ndash;62 on the north bank of the Illinois-Michigan Canal in Seneca, Illinois. It was built by John Armour and remained in the Armour family for a short time before passing through different owners. Though not the first grain elevator in Seneca, it is the only historic grain elevator still standing in the village.</p><br>
<h2>Design</h2><br>
<p>The Seneca Grain Elevator consists of a 65 ft grain elevator or "elevating warehouse" which rises four stories above its basement. The 40 ft by 80 ft structure dominates the site and overlooks downtown Seneca. Between 1924&ndash;39 corrugated metal siding was added to the building as a fire prevention measure.</p><br>
<h2>Outbuildings</h2><br>
<p>In total there are five separate buildings, including the grain elevator, on the site of Armour&#39;s Warehouse. An 1883 spur of railroad track remains on the north side of the elevator; the tracks lead to a dump shed connected to a c. 1940 corn crib. Also on the property are an office with an attached scale house dating from 1892, and two seed warehouses. One seed warehouse dates from after 1947 while the other dates from the earlier 1940s.</p><br>
<h2>Historic significance</h2><br>
<p>The Seneca Grain Elevator is the oldest remaining grain elevator along the banks of the Illinois-Michigan Canal, a USA National Historic Landmark District. It is historically significant in a local context commercially and in attracting the railroad to Seneca. On a broader level, it illustrates the economic importance of the Illinois-Michigan Canal for transporting grain products. Armour&#39;s Warehouse was added to the USA National Register of Historic Places on November 7, 1997. Included in the listing as contributing properties were the 1892 office building and attached scale house, and the older of the two seed warehouses.</p><br>
<p>The Virginia Park Historic District is located in Detroit, Michigan, along both sides of Virginia Park Street from Woodward Avenue to the John C. Lodge Freeway access road. The district was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1982.</p><br>
<p>The Virginia Park Historic District is an example of a well–preserved late nineteenth to early twentieth century residential community. The residences are testimonials to the wealth of early Virginia Park residents, as the area was conceived as an upper-middle class enclave. Many homes were completed by prominent Detroit architects, and display a diversity of architectural styles.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The district was laid out in 1893 by developed by John W. Leggett, Frank E. Snow, and Joseph C. Hough. Ninety-two lots were platted and each given a name (such as Tanglewood, Thisteldown, and Sorrento) in the original plat. The developers placed a number of restrictions on the area to ensure an attractive community. This quiet boulevard attracted a mix of businessmen and professionals. The first houses were constructed in 1895, and by 1908 more than two dozen houses had been constructed in the district.</p><br>
<p>By 1910, homeowners became concerned about the effect of the increasing commercialization of Woodward Avenue on property values, and they formed the Virginia Avenue Improvement Association. The association proposed to re-landscape the subdivision, and it developed an attractive entrance to the community. The neighborhood continued to thrive during the 1920s, but in the 1930s it suffered from the Great Depression, the effects of which continued through the 1940s. By the 1950s and 1960s, many of the houses had absentee landlords, or were divided into rooming houses. The Algiers Motel, at one time located at the corner of Virginia Park and Woodward, was the scene of an incident of police brutality during the 1967 Detroit riot where three men were killed and others were beaten.</p><br>
<p>In 1979, General Motors announced its plan to renovate the area north of its World Headquarters. This fostered rehabilitation in the Virginia Park district. The Algiers Motel was demolished in 1979, and replaced with a park space. The Virginia Park Historic District is considered to mark the northern boundary of the New Center area of Detroit.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The Virginia Park District was platted as a series of lots 50 feet wide and 163 feet deep. The original restrictions in the neighborhood ensured a uniformity in the streetscape. All buildings are constructed of brick or stone, and have the same setback from the street. All are single family houses, with no more than one house on each fifty foot lot.</p><br>
<p>At the time of its historic designation, the district included 57 structures, all but three of which contribute to the historic character of neighborhood. Non-contributing structures included an apartment building at 650 Virginia Park, an office building at 613 Virginia Park, and a hospital (demolished in 2014) at 801-831 Virginia Park. Fifty-one of the contributing structures were used as homes, two as offices and one as a rest home. The residences were constructed between 1895 and 1915, with the older structures placed closer to Woodward, and newer ones, in general, farther westward.</p><br>
<h2>Education</h2><br>
<p>The area is zoned to Detroit Public Schools.</p><br>
<p>All residents are zoned to Thirkell Elementary School, Hutchins Middle School, and Northwestern High School.</p><br>
<h2>Images</h2><br>
<p>The Dunay Islands, or Duunay Aryta,  is a group of islands in the Laptev Sea. They are located close to the mouths of the Lena River, off the northwestern shores of the Lena Delta.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>The Dunay islands form a compact cluster; their shores are very irregular with narrow beach ridges, sand bars and swales. The maximum length of the main island is 16 km and its maximum breadth 8 km. The island in the SE is named "Ostrov Yegorsha".</p><br>
<p>The strait between these islands and the Lena Delta shore is known as Proliv Dzhiyelligestyakh-Oburuosa.</p><br>
<p>The area where these islands lie is subject to severe Arctic weather. Although there are some offshore polynyas towards the north, there is fast ice between the Dunay Islands and the Lena Delta for about nine months every year.</p><br>
<p>There is a meteorological station in the islands called Dunay. It had some importance during the golden years of the Northern Sea Route. Administratively these islands belong to the Sakha Republic of the Russian Federation</p><br>
<h3>Adjacent islands</h3><br>
<p>15 km to the WSW of Dunay lie the Bulgunnyakhtakh-Byolkyoy Islands (Ostrova Bulgunnyakhtakh-Bëlkëy). These are five small islands in a chain 73.834&deg;N latitude, 123.811&deg;E longitude. The largest one is only 4 km in length. Although located farther offshore, they are a continuation of the Lena delta islands.</p><br>
<p>33 km to the west of Dunay&#39;s westernmost tip lie two very narrow "C"-shaped islands. The southern one is called Samolyota Island (Остров Самолёта; Ostrov Samolëta) 73.865&deg;N latitude, 123.125&deg;E longitude, and the northern one Aerosyomki Islands (Острова Аэросъёмки; Ostrova Aeros"yomki) 73.957&deg;N latitude, 123.17&deg;E longitude. Both these islands are little more than long curved landspits of over 10 km across and less than a few hundred meters wide. Their curve is open towards the east. While Samolyota is a long, continuous landspit, Aerosyomki is broken in no less than three places, forming four separate smaller islands.</p><br>
<p>The Albert Kahn House is located at 208 Mack Avenue in Midtown Detroit, Michigan, within the Brush Park district. It is currently the headquarters of the Detroit Urban League. The house was designated a Michigan State Historic Site in 1971 and listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1972.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>In 1906, architect Albert Kahn built a home for his personal use in Brush Park. In 1921, Kahn added a bathroom to the master suite. In 1928, as his business and social connections grew, Kahn added a wing to house his library and art collection.</p><br>
<p>Albert Kahn in the home from 1906 until his death in 1942. The Detroit Urban League obtained the building two years later. They continue to use it for their offices.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>Kahn&#39;s home is a two-story English Renaissance house, but with modern look.</p><br>
<p>The house is soundproof and fireproof, with each floor constructed of reinforced concrete with wooden sleepers overtop, supporting the finished wood floors. On the first floor, the hall and dining room is finished in paneling, and the den is finished in half timber and half plaster. A kitchen and servants room is also located on the first floor. The second floor originally housed five bedrooms, two bathrooms and a sewing room; the 1921 renovation added a bathroom. The attic originally contained an extra servant, but was later renovated to house two rooms and a bath. The 1928 expansion added a large gallery to the first floor, with a new garage behind, Over the gallery and garage are an additional guest bedroom, den and bath, and an additional servants bed and bath.</p><br>
<p>Washington Park Historic District, also known as Washington Square is a historic district in and around Washington Park in the city of Ottawa, Illinois, United States. Washington Park was the site of the first Lincoln-Douglas debates of 1858 and is surrounded by several historic structures. The park was platted in 1831 and the historic district was added to the United States National Register of Historic Places in 1973.</p><br>
<h2>Boundaries</h2><br>
<p>The boundaries of the Washington Park Historic District are limited to the area around Washington Park, known as Washington Square. On its north, the district is bounded by the east-west Lafayette Street, on the south by Jackson Street. The east side of the district is bounded by Columbus street, and the west side by LaSalle Street. The historic district includes seven separate properties as contributing members, there were originally eight but one has been demolished since the district was designated.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Washington Park was platted in 1831 and created by the Illinois-Michigan Canal Commission when the "states addition" of Ottawa was laid out. This was part of the original plat for the city. The park is probably most famous as the site of the first Lincoln-Douglas debate in 1858, but has served other civic functions through the years. In 1973 the park and surrounding area was designated a historic district by the USA National Register of Historic Places and several of the properties have local landmark designations as well. In 2002 a project to install Lincoln-Douglas debate statues was undertaken and completed.</p><br>
<h2>Washington Park</h2><br>
<p>Washington Park occupies a square of one city block on the edge of downtown Ottawa and is surrounded by several significant historic structures. Within the park are objects and structures such as the 1873 Civil War Memorial, cannons from the Civil War, World War I and World War II, and a marker noting the site of the first Lincoln-Douglas debate.</p><br>
<p>The parks central patio is dominated by a fountain and reflecting pool centered with larger-than-life depictions of Abraham Lincoln and Stephen A. Douglas. The fountain and reflecting pools, and thus, the statues, are in a plaza which is surrounded by limestone. The statue project was completed by artist Rebecca Childers Caleel with metal casting completed by Art Casting of Illinois. The bronze statues were completed under the guidance of the citys historic preservation commission and dedicated on September 14, 2002. The Lincoln statue is 11 ft tall and the Douglas statue is 9 ft tall. Because of their recent installation, the statues are not part of the historic district.</p><br>
<p>The park has been popular during the holiday season as well as being a major focus of civic life in Ottawa from the 1850s into the present. In addition to the historical features within and surrounding the park there are features more traditional to parks such as greenspace, benches, lighting and walkways. Plant life includes well-manicured lawns, shade trees, evergreens, and tea roses.</p><br>
<h2>Historic properties</h2><br>
<h3>3rd Appellate Court</h3><br>
<p>The Third District Appellate Court Building is found on the northeast corner of the square. The court building was constructed between 1857–60 and served as one of the Illinois State Supreme Court buildings for a decade. The court in Ottawa, one of five in the state of Illinois, played a role in drawing the Lincoln-Douglas Debate to the city.</p><br>
<p>The Third District Appellate Court building is an example of Classical Revival architecture. It features dominating Doric columns, as well as a large pediment. The central portion was built during the original construction period at a cost of nearly US$230,000. The buildings wings were added on in 1877. The building is constructed of red brick and detailed in Joliet limestone. These features, coupled with the Classical elements give the structure an architectural harmony. Because of this harmony the Ottawa Community Art Council has deemed the Third District Appellate Courthouse, "one of Ottawas most handsome public buildings".</p><br>
<h3>Civil War Memorial</h3><br>
<p>The Civil War Memorial in Washington Park is a marble memorial column erected in 1873. The monument and statue atop it, known as the Goddess of Liberty, pays tribute to LaSalle County American Civil War veterans. The marble faces contain the name of over 800 Civil War dead but most of the names are unreadable due to deterioration.</p><br>
<h3>Congregational Church</h3><br>
<p>The Ottawa First Congregational Church was constructed near the intersection Jackson and Columbus Streets facing Washington Park in 1870.</p><br>
<h3>Christ Episcopal Church</h3><br>
<p>Christ Episcopal Church, is the architecturally superior of the two churches located on Washington Square. Found at the intersection of Lafayette and Columbus Streets, the church is opposite the Third District Appellate Courthouse. The building features a "Wallace Window" depicting the Resurrection. It was designed by German artist Julius Hübner.</p><br>
<h3>Lincoln-Douglas debate site</h3><br>
<p>On August 21, 1858 the first of the Lincoln-Douglas debates was held in Ottawa&#39;s Washington Park. The site of the debate is marked by a large boulder affixed with a plaque. The day of the debates 10,000 people flocked to Washington Square. Salesmen sold their wares to the mingling crowd and excited politicians were canvassing and quarreling throughout the park.</p><br>
<h3>Popcorn wagon</h3><br>
<p>On the southwest corner of Washington Park is a largely unaltered c. 1890s working popcorn wagon.</p><br>
<h3>William Reddick Mansion</h3><br>
<p>The Reddick Mansion, alternatively Reddicks Library, was constructed in or around 1856 by then-sheriff William Reddick. The building occupies the lot opposite the Third Appellate Court and cost $40,000 to construct. Reddick served in the Illinois State Senate and returned to live in Ottawa, and the house, when he left office. He was known as one of Ottawas colorful characters of the day and as a humanitarian. It is reported that Reddick housed runaway slaves in his mansion as a "station" on the Underground Railroad. He lived in the mansion until died in 1885.</p><br>
<p>Reddick&#39;s will stipulated that the mansion be turned into a public library upon his death and he left an endowment of $100,000 to help accomplish that goal.</p><br>
<p>Architecturally the Reddick Mansion conforms to Italianate style, of which it is a fine example. In the home&#39;s details, the brick and stone work, as well as the woodwork below the cornice and under the eaves are of particular architectural interest.</p><br>
<h2>Other properties</h2><br>
<p>Within the historic district boundaries are properties that were once part of the district that have been demolished or removed. The LaSalle County Jail building was standing when the district was designated but it has since been demolished. Within Washington Park there were original 1857 gas lamps oriented in a circle as a memorial to W.D. Boyce, Ottawan and founder of the Boy Scouts of America. The lamps were located where the reflecting pool is today.</p><br>
<p>There are also properties that are not considered a part of the district, or what is known as "non-contributing properties". Before the 1980s most USA historic district listings did not keep track of non-contributing properties but today, the Illinois Historic Preservation Agency&#39;s HAARGIS Database does. The 1910 Masonic Temple building, a non-contributing property, is located on Columbus Street, between the two contributing churches.</p><br>
<h2>Historic significance</h2><br>
<p>Washington Square is of special historic significance because it hosted the first of the famous Lincoln-Douglas Debates. The debates lasted three hours under the hot August sun and focused on the issues of popular sovereignty and slavery which set the tone for the other debates to come in 1858.</p><br>
<p>Four Craters Lava Field is a basaltic volcanic field located south east of Newberry Caldera in the USA state of Oregon. The volcanic field covers about 30 square kilometers. Four Pleistocene cinder cones are the source of the flows in the field and are aligned along a fissure trending N 30° W. The cones rise 75 to 120 meters above the flows and the distance between the northern most and southern most cones is about 3.5 kilometers.</p><br>
<p>Closely related to the Four Craters lava field is Crack-in-the-Ground located at the southwest corner of the field. The eruptions from the field were accompanied by a slight sinking of the older rock surface. This shallow, graben-like sink is about 3 kilometers wide and extends to the south into an old lake basin. Crack-in-the-Ground marks the western edge of this small, volcano-tectonic depression and is nearly 9 meters deep and over a meter wide. The crack is the result of a tension fracture along a hingeline produced by the drapping of Green Mountain lava flows over the edge of upthrown side of the concealed fault zone.</p><br>
<p>The William E. Borah Apartment at Windsor Lodge is a historic apartment in a 16-unit apartment building at 2139-2141 Wyoming Avenue NW in Washington, D.C. Apartment 21 in the building was a long-time home of William Edgar Borah , a USA Senator from Idaho and a candidate for president in 1936. Borah was a leading figure in American foreign policy in the years after World War I, contributing to the American non-acceptance of the League of Nations and the acceptance of the Washington Naval Treaty of the early 1920s. This apartment is the best-preserved surviving residence of Borah; for its association with his life, the entire building was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1976.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The apartment complex formerly known as Windsor Lodge is located in Washingtons Kalorama Heights neighborhood, at the northeastern corner of Wyoming Avenue NW and Thompson Place NW. It consists of two four-story buildings joined by a party wall in a rear connecting section to form a U shape. Its walls are formed out of red brick that has been painted a cream color. The two halves of the building are stylistically similar, but are not identical, differing in plan and detail. Each has its main entrance in the center of its front facade; that on the left is sheltered by a wide bracketed hood that also forms a balcony on the second floor, while the right one has a more elaborate porch. William Borahs apartment was the one on the second floor right side of the eastern half.</p><br>
<p>Borah, a native of Illinois, studied law with his brother-in-law, and established a successful criminal law practice in Boise, Idaho in 1890. He soon became active in Republican Party politics, and won election to the United States Senate in 1907. There he became an influential member of the Foreign Relations Committee. He reluctantly supported US entry into World War I, but vociferously opposed the Treaty of Versailles and the creation of the League of Nations. He was somewhat maverick in his positions, frequently butting heads with party leadership, and sometimes supporting Democratic legislations. He was an outspoken progressive in the party when many of its members were more conservative.</p><br>
<p>This apartment served as William Borah&#39;s principal residence from 1913, not long after it was built, until 1929. It is one of two residences closely associated with his life; the other is also nearby in Washington. He did not own a home in Idaho.</p><br>
